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The research highlighted that almost 60% of households had weaker airflow than outside, often caused by clutter, closed windows, and layouts that block ventilation. Heat-retaining materials like concrete and heat-emitting appliances further worsen indoor conditions. Vulnerable groups—such as seniors, lower-income households, and those in smaller or rental flats—are disproportionately affected, yet often lack access to air-conditioning.
Despite discomfort, many residents view heat as a normal part of life rather than a problem requiring action. This “normalisation” can be risky, as prolonged exposure affects sleep, health, and productivity. Seniors, in particular, may be less aware of heat stress due to age-related changes in temperature regulation.
Common coping methods include electric fans (used by 76% of respondents), opening windows, and adjusting clothing. While over half use air-conditioning at night, only 14% rely on it during the day, mainly due to cost concerns. Notably, about 60% of households had not used government climate vouchers for energy-efficient appliances, often because subsidies were insufficient for costly items like air-conditioners.
Researchers recommend improving ventilation by reducing clutter, enhancing cross-breezes, and using solar-control window films. They are also developing cooling toolkits and design guides, while calling for better housing design, retrofits, and stronger financial support to help vulnerable households adapt to rising temperatures.
